Summary of Line 5 Alternatives Explored in Independent Analysis

1. Construct new pipeline(s) that do not cross the open waters of the Great Lakes
   1. Northern route through Ontario deemed infeasible
   2. Central route connecting existing Line 5 to a new pipeline across the St. Mary’s River into Ontario deemed infeasible
   3. Southern route following the Enbridge system through Chicago and on to existing infrastructure in southern Michigan deemed feasible
2. Utilize existing infrastructure
3. Use alternative transportation methods
   1. Water transport via tankers and barges deemed infeasible
      1. $4.3 billion investment required for tank farms and fleet of vessels
   2. Truck transport deemed infeasible
      1. Need 3,200 trucks
      2. 1 truck must be loaded/unloaded every 40 seconds, 24 hrs/day, 7 days/week
      3. Public costs/strain, congestion on highway infrastructure
   3. Rail transport deemed feasible
      1. 9-100 train cars per day
      2. Three routes evaluated: North (Winnipeg), Central (Sault Ste. Marie), South (Chicago) — Central eliminated due to load restrictions on St. Marys River bridge
      3. Storage required for rail outages (both scheduled and unscheduled)
4. Replace Line 5
   1. New tunnel under the lake bed deemed feasible
      1. Depth: Up to 330ft
      2. Cost: $150 million in capital expenditures
   2. New trenched crossing on the lakebed deemed feasible
      1. Reinforced with new coating, concrete
      2. Depth: up to 230ft
      3. Cost: $30 million capital expenditures
5. Maintain the existing pipeline
   1. Principal threats
      1. Anchor hooking
      2. Incorrect operations
      3. Vortex-induced vibrations
      4. Spanning stress
   2. Assessment of Line 5 health
      1. No evidence of corrosion
      2. Coal tar enamel coating in “excellent condition”
      3. Bends not in exceedance of evaluation threshold
6. Decommission only the Straits segment of Line 5 and operate the Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula segments as separate lines.
   1. Deemed infeasible because there isn’t enough product to support both halves of the pipeline